Flow Phenomena Within a Compressor Cascade

Flow Phenomena Within a Compressor Cascade Paolo Mastellone section{Aim of the investigation} The scope of the assignment is to study and assess the flow phenomena within a compressor cascade employing controlled diffusion blades through a computational fluid dynamic simulation. The results of the simulation are subsequently compared to the experimental data obtained from the simulated cascade. The quality and the discrepancies are discussed in order to demonstrate the understanding of the theory and the application computational tools. section{Experimental data} The simulation is based on the experimental work done by Hobson et al.cite{rif1} that studied the effect of the Reynolds number on the performances of a second generation controlled-diffusion stator-blades in cascade. The three Reynolds numbers evaluated were 6.4E5, 3.8E5 and 2.1E5. This work was carried out in order to analyse a more representative Reynolds number of flight conditions and to create a test case for computational fluid dynamic models of turbulence and transition. The experimental cascade is made of 10 67B stator blades with an aspect ratio of 1.996 and the solidity of 0.835. The tecnique used for the experimental measurement is the laser Doler velocimetry (LDV) with a seed material of 1$mu $m oil mist particles. The experimental data and e cascade geometric parameters are shown in the figures below. The Reynolds number used for the simulation is 6.4E5, which gives an inlet velocity of: $$ where is the kinematic viscosity and $L$ is the blade chord. section{Mesh} The software used for the mesh generation is ANSYS ICEM. The mesh has a critical importance and consequences on simulation and results, a well-constructed mesh eliminates problem of instabilities, absence of convergence and increase the opportunity to achieve the right solution cite{rif4}. There are key aspects to take into account, the mesh must capture the geometric details and the physics of the problem.\ The discretization is made for one representative flow passage introducing periodic boundary conditions. The fluid domain thickness is half of the blade spacing in order to use properly the periodic boundary conditions: the fluid quantities at the top and the bottom of the domain will be the same, in order to represents the periodicity of the cascade. The inlet and the outlet distances from the blade are respectively 2.5 and 3 times the blade chord so that their position doesnt have an influence on the results and the flow is fully developed at this stations. In order to get low numerical diffusion the mesh must be aligned with the flow directioncite{rif2}, consequently to have the same geomety of the simulation the blade is staggered of $ang{16.3}$ and the inlet grid inclination is $ang{38}$ while the outlet one is $ang{5.5}$. The mesh is a structured type made of quadrilateral elements, because they can be fitted to flow direction and are quite tolerant of skew and stretchingcite{r if2}. To adapt the mesh at the profile an O-grid type made of 9 blocks is used. subsection{First node position} One major parameters for the mesh sizing is the non dimensional distance $y^+=frac{u^+y}{nu}$. This parameter must be chosen as a function of the type of boundary layer treatment. The use of a wall function consents to bridge the explicit resolution of the near wall region, which is described by the dimensionless parameters $u^+$ and $y^+$. The turbulent boundary layer is subdivided into the viscous sub-layer for $y^+RNG. For the k-$omega$ SST a near wall treatment has been chosen and hence a $y^+=1$, which resulted in first node distance of 0.004 mm. With the K-$epsilon$ RNG model a standard wall function has been adopted and choosing $y^+=25$ the first node distance is 0.1 mm. subsection{Grid independence study} The number of nodes required for a 2D simulation with resolved boundary layers is around 20000 while is around 10000 nodes if a wall function is used cite{rif2}. The grid adopted for the K-$omega$ SST has 20128 nodes. The mesh for the K-$varepsilon$ RNG model, which uses a wall function, has 14488 nodes. The two meshes have been chosen between three types with increasing resolution: a coarse, an intermediate and a finer one. The Cd and Cl values obtained from the three meshes are displayed in the table below for the two different turbulent models used for the simulation: k-$omega$ SST and k-$varepsilon$ RNG. A grid independence study and mesh quality analysis have been effectuated for both the meshes of the two different models, and satisfactory results were achieved. In the assignment just the mesh analysis of the K-$omega$ SST model with $y^+=1$ has been reported.\ The difference between the values of Cl and Cd of the intermediate and the fine mesh are negligible, hence the results dont rely upon the mesh resolution anymore and a further increase of the nodes is ineffective. Consequently the intermediate mesh has been adopted in both cases since the results are mesh-independent. The quality of the mesh can be analysed through specific tools available in the software. The overall quality level is acceptable, above 0.85 over 1, even if there are some parts that can be improved. Indeed the skewness at the top due to the curved flow profile and near the trailing edges should be reduced. The region not interested by the wake and the upper and lower parts have been left intentionally coarse since there is not presence of steep gradient in these regions (see figure 10). The quite high aspect ratio in the zones in front and behind the blade can be tolerated because it hasnt a great influence since the mesh is parallel to the flow. The outcomes are displayed below. section{Simulation} The software used for the simulation is ANSYS FLUENT with double precision and four processors enabled for the calculations. The problem has to be properly set up through subsequent steps. subsection{Solution setup} In this section the inputs for the simulation must be implemented. The mesh has to be scaled to the proper geometric dimensions (mm) and afterwards has to be checked to find eventual errors. The solver is a pressure-based type and the simulation is 2D planar. The turbulent model used and compared are the K-$varepsilon$ RNG with a standard wall function and the K-$omega$ Shear Stress Transport both with default model constants. The methods use two separate transport equations for the turbulent velocity and length scale which are independently determined cite{rif5}. The first model is characterised by robustness,economy and reasonable accuracy. The RNG formulation contains some refinements which make the model more accurate and reliable for a wider class of flows than the standard K-$varepsilon$ model cite{rif5}. It is semi-empirical and based on the transport equations for the turbulence kinetic energy ($K$) and its dissipation rate ($varepsilon$) cite{rif5}. The limit of this model is the assumption of complete turbulent flow, which is not the case in consideration.\ The second model is also empirical but is based on the specific dissipation rate ($omega$). The K-$omega$ SST is an improvement of the standard K-$omega$ and it is more reliable and accurate for adverse pressure gradient flows because it includes the transport effects for the eddy viscosity cite{rif5}. This model should capture more accurately the flow behaviour because of the adverse pressure gradient on the suction side of the blade. The fluid used is air, the specific heat and the thermal conductivity are kept constant as well as the density and the viscosity. Indeed the Reynolds and hence the velocity field are low and the problem can be considered incompressible, as a consequence the energy equation is not necessary.\ The boundary conditions for the blade profile, the outlet and the lateral edges have been set to wall, pressure outlet and periodic respectively.\ For the inlet boundary condition the velocity-inlet has been selected, through the magnitude and direction method, the main velocity from the Reynold number is 73.56 m/s and the components are $x=cos(38degree)=0.78801$ and $y=sin(38degree)=0.61566$. For the turbulence definition the intensity and length scale method is used since there are no informations about the value of $K$, $omega$ and $varepsilon$ but just about the inlet turbulence. The value of the turbulence intensity is determined by the formula: $$ The turbulent length scale, from the Fluent manual, is: $$ which is an approximate relationship based on the fact that in fully-developed duct flows, $ell$ is restricted by the size of the duct since the turbulent eddies cannot be larger than the duct cite{rif5}. subsection{Calculation parameters} In this step the parameters to achieve the solution are decided. The calculation has been split into two parts: in the first one the solution method has a simple scheme with a first order Upwind spatial discretization; the second one has a coupled scheme and is second order Upwind. In the first part a first-order accuracy result is achieved and is used as the input for second part of the calculation.\ The monitors are enabled to assess the convergence of the calculation. For the residuals the convergence criterion has been set to 1E-6 for continuity, x-velocity, y-velocity, energy, k and $omega$. Other two monitors for Cl and Cd have been added to appraise the convergence. For Cd the vector components are x = 0.78801 and y = 0.61566 although for Cl are x = -0.61566 and y = 0.78801. Their their value must be asymptotic when the solution converges. The last parameter used to check the convergence is the net value of mass flow flux inside the domain, which must be zero. To initialize the solution an hybrid method is used, afterwards the calculation can be run. section{Results} subsection{Convergence} The convergence has been reached after 479 iterations for the k-$omega$ SST and after 410 for the k-$varepsilon$ RNG. From the reports the mass flow flux can be evaluated, the difference between the inlet and the outlet is in the order of 1E-7 in both cases. According to this outcomes the convergence has been verified and the validation of the simulation results with the experimental study can be performed. subsection{Post processing} The post processing of the results is useful to understand the validity of the simulation.\ From the velocity contours the acceleration of the fluid on the suction side and the deceleration on the pressure side is captured. The pressure contours show the depression on the suction side and an overpressure on the pressure side. The stagnation point on the leading edge is highlighted by pressure and the velocity contours: the velocity is zero and the pressure reach the stagnation value. The separation of the fluid can be seen from the reverse velocity region on the rear part of the airfoil. The two methods made different predictions for the separation phenomenon. Indeed the velocity and the turbulence contours as well as the velocity pathlines show a less intense separation region and a smaller recirculation zone for the k-$varepsilon$ RNG model. subsubsection{K-$omega$ SST} subsubsection{Cp distribution} The Cp distribution is compared to the experimental one. The values from the paper have been extrapolated and inserted in a Matlab graph to give a better comparison. The Cp coefficient is defined by: $$ Cp = frac{p-p_{infty}}{1/2rho_{infty} V_{infty}^2}$$ where the value of $rho_{infty}$ and $p_{infty}$ are extracted from the Fluent reports in terms of mass-weighted average: The abscissa values from Fluent data has been normalised with the chord length in order to obtain the same type of graph. In the experiment for the low and the intermediate Reynold numbers there was a separation bubble between approximately 50 and 65% of the chord for Re=3.8E5 and between 45 and 70% for Re=2.1E5, while it was absent for the highest Reynolds number. The absence of the separation bubble is captures from both the models since the Cp coefficient rises continuously after the point of minimum pressure. The separation at about 80% of the chord is highlighted by flat trend of the Cp cite{rif6} by both models . On the pressure side the trends are very similar to the experiment. On the suction side a difference is observed after the 40% of the chord. Both the simulation results are shifted, a possible explanation could be the presence of 3D effects and secondary flows which are not captured by the 2D simulations. In the subsequent sections only one passage has been taken into account for the comparison with the results of Hobson et al.cite{rif1}. The stations 7,8,9 and 13 have been used for the observations (see figure 4). Station 7,8 and 9 have been taken perpendicular to the profile as showed in the paper. subsubsection{Wake profile} The wake profile presents the velocity distribution behind the blade leading edge, the measurement has been made at station 13 that is 20% of the chord downstream the leading edge. The data from the simulation were exported from Fluent and plotted on Matlab, the abscissa is normalised with the blade spacing S. Both the models highlight a profile similar to the experiment even if the wake wideness is underestimated. Anyway the obtained trends appear to be quite accurate. subsubsection{Turbulence intensity} The turbulence intensity profiles exhibit a trend similar to the paper. The figures has been divided by $sqrt{2}$ because of the different definition of turbulence intensity and the values on the abscissa have been normalised with the blade space S. The simulations captured the double-peaked distribution due to the boundary layer separation. The peaks are in correspondence of the maximum velocity gradient in the wake profile (see figure 27), likewise the experimental data. The outcomes ofÂÂ   K-$omega$ SST are more similar to the paper trend. The underestimation of the wake amplitude is consistent with the previous graph. subsubsection{Outlet flow angle} The velocity flow angle distribution has considerable differences compared to the paper data. A likely explanation could be the limitation of the simulation that can capture only the 2D flow characteristics, while the significant flow angle is primarily caused by the secondary flows in the cascade which are typical 3D effects. This is supported by the fact that the trends predicted by the two models are very similar hence both miss some flow characteristic that cannot be predicted by the 2D simulation. The mass-averaged exit flow angle in the experiment was $ang{9.25}$, the results from the fluent reports are showed below. subsubsection{Velocity profiles} The velocity profiles, normalised with the inlet velocity and the blade chord, at station 7,8 and 9 have are presented.\ At station 7 the curves are almost identical, the velocity evolves from zero in contact with the wall and then increases over the reference speed of 73.56 m/s. At station 8 and 9 both the experimental and the K-$omega$ SST present a reverse flow close to the wall, evidence of the separation. At station 8 and 9 the experimental reverse flow reaches 0.06 (7.6mm) and 0.1 (12.7 mm) of the blade chord that is in agreement with the results of the K-$omega$ SST model. The K-$varepsilon$ RNG fails to capture the reverse flow (only a negligible portion on at station 9). This is in accordance with the theory: the K-$omega$ SST model has better performance in-handling non equilibrium boundary layer regions, like those close to separation cite{rif4}. subsubsection{Loss coefficient} According to cite{rif3} the loss coefficient is defined by: $$ The table below presents the values calculated for the two different models. The figures have been taken from the Fluent reports in term of mass-weight average. The loss coefficient found in the experiments is 0.029. k-$omega$ SSTÂÂ   k-$varepsilon$ RNG Total pressure inlet $bar{p}_{01}$ [Pa] 2290 2209 Total pressure outlet $bar{p}_{02}$ [Pa] 2176 2103 Static pressure inlet $p_1$ [Pa] -1048 -1107 Loss coefficient $omega$ 0.034 0.031 The two coefficients are of the same order of magnitude to the one determined experimentally. The slightly difference could be explained by the different reference sections used for the mass-weight average in the experiment (upper and lower transverse slot for the experiment, see figure 1) since the inlet and the outlet have a different position. Moreover the lightly larger value obtained from the K-$omega$ SST compared to the K-$varepsilon$ RNG is consistent with the greater separation, hence more dissipation of energy, predicted by the model. section{Conclusions} In this assignment a CFD simulation using Icem and Fuent software has been carried out and the results have been analysed with engineering judgement, in order to demonstrate the understanding of the theory and the tools.\ The achievement of satisfying results is strictly related to successful implementation of every single steps of the simulation. The knowledge of the aerodynamics and the physics of the problem is paramount to set the mesh, the boundary conditions and the calculation.\ Great attention has been taken on the mesh generation and it resulted to be the most challenging part since a lot of experience is needed to have good results. The key aspects taken into account are the they grid domain extension, the grid type, the alignment with the flow, aspect ratio and skewness. The choice of the wall treatment influences the first node position. To make a comparison between two turbulence models, for the K-$omega$ SST has been used $y^+=1$ while for the K-$varepsilon$ RNG that uses a standard wall function $y^+=25$. When the mesh has an adequate quality is ready for the simulation. The choice of the turbulence model and the boundary conditions depend on the problem studied and should represent the physic of the problem as precise as possible. Once the simulation has been run the control of the convergence is the necessary but not the sufficient condition to obtain exact outcomes. Indeed the calculation can converge to wrong results if the problem is not well posed. Some modifications have been made to the mesh in order to attain more precision and the calculation has been repeated several times, lots of experience is requested to reduce the number of attempts.\ A qualitative and quantitative comparison with experimental results showed both accuracy and limitations of the simulation. Certainly the mesh can be improved, for example using more then nine blocks, to promote the skewness and the aspect ratio, particularly near the leading and the trailing edge. From the comparison between the K-$omega$ SST and the K-$varepsilon$ RNG the limitations of the latter in the unstable boundary layer treatment have been highlighted.\ The discrepancies observed can be addressed to the 3D effect not captured by the simulation and the limitations of the models adopted. The adoption on more sophisticated models such as the Transition SST (4 equations) and the Reynolds stress (5 equations) can improve the accuracy.

The Character Of Macbeth :: essays research papers

The character of Macbeth was a classic example of a tragic hero. Though many factors contributed to the degeneration of Macbeth, the one that stuck out most was his uncontrollable urge to attain and retain power. His over ambitious desire to acquire power was let loose by the witches, with their prophecies of Macbeth becoming the Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor, and King of Scotland. At first Macbeth replied that such foreshadowing couldn't be taken seriously, because of the evil forces that lay behind them. However, when Macbeth was declared Thane of Cawdor, almost immediately after the witches' prophecies, he had private thoughts and ambitions that he could become King of Scotland. In an instant the witches had let loose Macbeth's over ambitious nature for imperial power. (An aside in I.iii.127-130 is a perfect example)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now that Macbeth's uncontrollable desire to become king had surfaced, he became solely focused on obtaining this goal. This included the murder of King Duncan. Lady Macbeth, wanting to be queen of Scotland, provided her husband with a plan to assassinate King Duncan. At first Macbeth hesitated to murder Duncan. He was afraid of the aftereffects and didn't deem it right to kill a king who was just and of such high stature. Unfortunately for Duncan, Macbeth's ambitions slowly overpowered his morals and loyalty. Even though Macbeth was uncertain, his ambition for power was able to take over his mind, and provided him with a sufficient excuse to murder King Duncan.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Macbeth had now achieved his goal, being the King of Scotland. His urges should have diminished, but they didn't. Macbeth was now dead set on retaining his new power. He became paranoid and feared Banquo, whose integrity and loyalty could allow him to avenge Duncan's death. Even though Banquo thought it was quite odd that Macbeth quickly acquired the titles the witches hailed him, he did not think Macbeth was capable of murdering Duncan. However, what really was bothering Macbeth was Banquo's sons were prophesied to inherit the throne. Macbeth would do whatever he could to prevent anyone, even after his death, from taking the throne. Macbeth wasn't just satisfied with being king; he wanted to have his descendants share the title as well. Acting on these passions, Macbeth hired two assassins and tried to kill Banquo and his son Fleance. Even though Fleance escaped, the murder of Banquo calmed Macbeth's nerves because he was safe from being charged with the murder o f King Duncan.

Opression of African Americans Essay

In the documentary Ethnic Notions directed by Marlon Riggs, illustrates the oppression African Americans have faced during the time of slavery up until the present day. The same forms of oppression blacks faced during slavery is the same type of oppression they faced today, decades after slavery was abolished. These forms of oppression still seen today are evidence that America has not made very little progress in eliminating the inequalities among the white and black Americans. The documentary uses different caricatures to portray African Americans in the wrong light. These characters were suppose to show the way black people looked, and behaved even though none of these characters actually depicted the way black people truly looked or acted. Even though the video focused manly on the way African Americans are perceived by society, it focused on an even bigger issue; the main point of the documentary was to provide evidence that African Americans were better off left in captivity during the times of slavery. Riggs begins the documentary by displaying the images of black caricatures that was introduced during the slavery time period, and explaining how those same caricatures have been seen around the world. Even today those same black caricatures can be seen in people homes, including in the homes of many African Americans. The people portrayed in these characters are all extremely dark with large lips, and very unappealing. Those cartoon caricatures do not in any shape or form bear a resemblance to what black people actually look like. All African Americans do not look exactly the same, but none of them are truly as dark as the caricatures and their lips are not as large and abnormally shaped as seen on the caricatures. Even though black people do not look like these cartoon characters, people still see those old images as a representation of all black people, as if they can not possibly see them looking any different, as if they were meant to look like anything else. The same concept of characterizing a single group of individuals can be observed in the video The Danger of a Single Story. In this video story teller Chimamanda Adichie discusses her experiences as a writer, who only wrote about British and white American people because that was all she knew. She was unaware of people that looked like existed her because she only ever read books about white people so that was all she knew. Then when she moved to America, she experienced the danger of a single story; before anyone got to know they already felt sorry for her and had expected her to act in a certain way. However they were surprised to learn that her life was nothing like the single story they heard about her and all other Africans. Unlike what they expected, Adichie did not live in poverty and she could read and write, and speak English. After arriving in America, Adichie began to really understand the meaning of the dangers of a single story. Instead of her getting angry, she was able to understand why they thought the way they did because just like them she too had developed a single story about a group of people. She understood that if people are only seeing the same images of a group of people over and over again, whether it’s through the media or my word of mouth that eventually that group of people will become what the media writes about them. After showing the images of black people, Riggs further explains the different roles of each of the caricatures. Some of these caricatures and images were during the time of slavery, while others were during the period when slavery had ended. The Mammy caricature was a mother who served the white people. She was portrayed as a fat, unattractive woman who loyally served her white master and his family. She did not complain and she appeared to always be happy, until she went home to her own family. In her own family she was viewed as the controller of males and one who angrily punished her children. The Mammy caricature was nothing like the real mammy, who was actually very pretty and attractive. She was only depicted as fat and ugly, so the she would not appear to be a threat to the white women; who at that time was the only females thought of as beautiful. Just like the Mammy caricature, the Uncle Tom caricature was also perceived as a person who enjoyed working for the white people. He was always seen smiling while playing with the white children, and so helpful to his master. The Mammy and Uncle Tom were never revealed as unhappy people, so people assumed that they were content with being slaves. The Mammy and Uncle Tom figures were not the only people that appeared to be enjoying slavery, but all other slaves seemed to be satisfied with it as well. The images that were being shown all showed the slaves singing and dancing, and smiling but none of those images showed the hardships that slaves faced. Only the positive images were shown to make the outside world believe slavery was okay, and that no harm could come from having slaves. One dance the slaves danced was called the Jim Crow, it was a dance symbolized the way African Americans felt about segregation. The dance was not meant to be any racist term, but yet when the white man came and imitated the dance was when Jim Crow term began a racist statement and when the Jim Crow character was created. A white man named Rice one day so a black man dancing, so he decided to mock this man’s dancing. So Rice put black paint on his face and white paint around his mouth, so he appeared to be a black man impersonating other black people. The use of black paint became known as black face. Black face became the most popular form of entertainment for people to watch. People thought it was funny to watch a white man pretend to be black. Black face became so popular that even black men started participating in black face entertainment. These black men would put black paint on their face even though their faces were already dark, and prance around the stage mimicking their own people. They used black face as a way to make a little extra money since they were not getting enough from the white people. It was not until after slavery ended that these cartoon caricatures started to represent bad images of black people. No longer did the images show slaves as happy people, but instead it depicted African Americans as angry, violent people. Those images were used to conclude that black people were actually better off as slaves, instead of free people. The Pickaninny caricature was a representation of the black children. These kids appeared to be savage like by showing them with no shoes on, and the children were eating by alligators. When people saw these images of the children thought the children were like animals that belonged in the jungle, instead of a part of society. Then there was the Brutal Black Buck caricature that made black people become indentified as brutes. These brutes were savage people who could use any sort of violence to get what they wanted all of people. When different movies were being created, it showed black man looking for a white woman, who was a virgin to raped and abuse. When people kept seeing images like that they started to believe that black people were angry savages; savages not meant to fit in with the rest of society. All of these different caricatures were a representation of all black people. Even though these caricatures were nothing like black people, the rest of society believed these caricatures were an accurate representation of black people. They expected all people of color to act the way those cartoon caricatures did. When people see the happy caricatures that existed during slavery, then to watch the brutal caricatures after slavery ended, they begin to wonder if the abolishment of slavery was really necessary. They start to assume African Americans were the happiest during slavery, so why not resort back to that old tradition.

The Conflict of Chaos Theory with the Theological Beliefs Free Essay Example, 1500 words

The scriptures of Christian doctrine have provided mankind with the knowledge that scripture plays a pivotal role in the origins and warrants of Christian Doctrines (Heck, 2007). The canons of scriptures lay the foundation of the Christian preaching that has established God as the creator of all things and which work under the divine orders, following a definite pattern, irrespective of external factors or conditions. The Christian doctrine was basically promoted to inculcate a life of faith where people could find solace in sorrow. The doctrine also helped to inculcate a sense of fear in the event of wrong doing thus facilitating the formation of societies and evolving traditions that provided the guideline for co-existing in peace and harmony. The dogmatic approach to old Christian doctrine is not very popular in the fast advancing scientific era. The scientists and philosophers have debated that despite the knowledge of the intricate working of DNA and gnomes etc. , the evolutio nary theory exhibits phenomena of the unpredictability of the outcome. A new approach towards theological beliefs has incorporated the paradigm shift that the new scientific knowledge has made available. We will write a custom essay sample on The Conflict of Chaos Theory with the Theological Beliefs or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Gray, 1997). John Jefferson Davis has interpreted this by saying that From a Christian perspective, such an encounter with the limits inherent in the nature of the physical realm should remind man of the fundamental distinction between an infinite Creator and a finite and limited creation, including man.

Antisocial Personality Disorder- Ted Bundy - 2585 Words

Ted Bundy is known to be the worst serial killer in U.S. History. In the 1970s, Ted raped and murdered women in at least five different states. Bundy eventually confessed to thirty murders, although the actual total remains unknown. Theodore Robert Bundy was born on November 24th, 1946 in Burlington, Vermont to Eleanor Louise Cowell, a 22 year old single woman. Teds mom never told him much about his father other than that he was in the armed forces and that they never were really together. Bundy had a difficult childhood and was pretty much an wanted by his mother. After being left in foster care for two months, Eleanor decided to have her parents raise Ted and make him and everyone believe that they were his adopted parents and†¦show more content†¦He also found that his dad was listed on there, named Lloyd Marshall. Bundy waited until the fall to resume his studies at the University of Washington where he excelled greatly than before. He ended up in honors classes and became engaged in local politics, where he transcended in. Ted Bundy graduated from Washington with a degree in psychology. In the summer of 1973 Ted got accepted into the University of Utah Law School. Everything still going smoothly for Bundy and seemed to be headed for abundant things. No one will ever really know what happened to set Ted Bundy off, but around 1973 he began raping and murdering women at a surprising rate. No one really knows exactly when and how many woman he had murdered but he was a prime suspect in many unsolved murders. Kathy Devine was last seen getting into a green pick-up on November 25, 1973, which was later found that Ted Bundy had the same green pick-up at the time. Fifteen year old Divines decomposed remains were found on December 6 with her jeans cut open in between her legs. Her throat was cut and the investigators concluded that she was murdered right after she disappeared and there were no leads or evidence to bring someone to justice for the acts they have committed on this poor girl. In early 1974, two girls with similar acts of crimes against them were committed in less than a month time span. They were reported to have been beaten over the head and had a metal rod stuck upShow MoreRelatedCase Study Analysis of Ted Bundy1041 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Ted Bundy Introduction A personality disorder can be described as an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that is extremely inflexible, deviates markedly from the expectations of a persons culture, and causes personal distress or behavioral impairment (Bernstein, Nietzel, McCauley Foust, 1997). Such patterns of problems in the personality of an individual can be traced to adolescence or even childhood. 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Cumulative Measure of Family Structure †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Cumulative Measure of Family Structure. Answer: Introduction: There are various factors that can influence human life and experiences. Moreover, in our life, there are definitely some memorable events that create a strong impact on our attitudes and behaviour. These episodes shape our lives in a different mould. In our individual lives, our community, family, religion, creed and culture have strong influence and they play an important role to reshape our beliefs and we cannot eliminate them from making our societal beliefs. As stated by Bradley and Kibera (2006), in personality development management and also in mal-development of the child are simply occurred due to the belated appreciation that a child grows up in family and family should input positive outlook in raising that child into an integrated person. Moreover, adult identity is formed with the origin of family and children who have brought up without two biological parents are taken themselves as an adult than the ones who brought up with two biological parents. However, in this stud y, my autobiographical narrative is analysed from the very beginning. I will discuss the early stages of my life and how my society, family, and background have shaped my understanding and attitude. Throughout my personal and educational life, I have realised that every individual has a different story and it is not easy to relate to others. We meet new people with the passage of time, and many of these have a long-lasting impact on our lives. I think, my family plays a most significant role in my life. In the very first stage, I was solely responsible to my parents and they were responsible for providing my care and knowledge about different perspectives of life. In early childhood stage, the child needs supervision of parents and cooperation from family (Amatea, Smith-Adcock Villares, 2006). This is the period when the brain grows remarkably and it is the foundation of learning and development. Since the time of early childhood, social, physical and emotional as well as intellect ual development management takes place that shapes the life of a child. In light of this, environment plays an important factor of developing personality traits; still, genetic factors can influence the personality development of an individual. Family teaches an individual how to react in a situation and develop the personality. This essay presents an autobiographical narrative where I am going to discuss my life, my family background, education, different events and experiences of my life, and how my life has been shaped by these elements and factors. I am Gurpreet Kaur and I belong to a middle-class family. I have been raised in a very decent environment. My birthplace is Nairobi, Kenya. My father and grandfather worked in Kenya on a work permit. We were called Kenyan Asians as our ancestral root is in India. There lived many Indian subcontinent people who mostly resided near Nairobi or Mombasa. Indian migration to Kenya began in the year 1895 due to the creation of East Africa Protectorate. My family moved to Kenya in the year and my grandfather did the military works in Kenya. Kenya got independence in the year 1963 and the relationship between Africa and Asians became volatile. Asian people tried to grab the citizenship. My grandfather worked there in railways and my father worked there in the factory. We saw gradual improvement in legal status, we become self-reliant and cautiously. The Indian community in the Kenya created a close relationship and endogamous community (Davids et al., 2016). As my birthplace is in Kenya and a few years of my childhood spent there. I grew up with various ethnic groups children in Kenya and my parents taught me to keep my authenticity and be friends to all. However, Asians were only 2% of Kenyan people, our family wanted to make a business over there and we had agricultural assets also over there. My father did not manage to be successful in business and in 1996; we came back to our hometown, Punjab, India for good. I am a Sikh by religion, but do not belong to the orthodox category. As we are Sikh, in Sikhism, it is clearly stated that family is the basic structure of any essential social unit. The family is the atom unit that collectively forms the society in Sikhism (Nesbitt, 2016). Family culture is the core institution that was promoted since the beginning of Sikh religion of Guru Nanak. Hence, since the childhood, I was grown up with family culture and I was told that family unit through procreation ensures the existence and continuation of healthy societies. The fa mily plays an important role of economic and educational functions. Moreover, while growing up I learn successful economical, biological and spiritual future can be ensured through human societies. Currently, I am working in New Zealand on a study visa and sorting with a work visa to support me and my family. I am convent educated and I pursued my degree of Master of Arts (English). On the 3rd April 2016, I got married to Ramanjit Singh Layal. It was a love marriage and my family accepted it. My husband owns a Photography Studio in Apra, Punjab by the name Jagat Studio, Apra. However, he is with me in New Zealand to support me. My life was influenced by the complexities, challenges, and support gained by my family depending on the various circumstances and stages of life. In general sense, the family can be perceived as biological relationships in natural expression and this concept makes the family structure as nuclear. The nuclear family concept has its support from various institutions like law, church and government. In case of Australia, 71% of the family is nuclear families. In most of the time, it is seen that families are responsive in any social changes like birth, death, divorce, wars, political changes and migration (Drewery Claireborne, 2010). The variations and changes have been influenced by different factors and elements. The changes are more prominent in Western countries as compared to the Eastern countries. Now, I live in New Zealand for education purposes and New Zealand families have cultural influences in Maori whanau families that believe in mainly collective society, whereas Pakeha families believe in mainly western structure families. There are mainly six types of family that can be seen, nuclear family, single parent family, extended family, childless family, grandparent family and stepfamily (Sharma, 2013). In recent time, family and demographic profiles have seen dramatic changes. The concept of cohabitation, divorce, lone parent families and mothers in the workplace has changed the family concept. Children mainly have eclectic views about their families and children believe in love, support adoration, legal status and biological ties abut families (Dupuis, 2010). In recent times, children are being educated in very little age and education is now compulsory. The concept of family is now clear to them and they become more knowledgeable. As stated by Gunn et al., (2014), childhood is now seen as an emotional asset for the children and children are involved in the decision-making of the family. Children now have legal rights in family and family takes responsibility for children's development. The role and influence of the family vary according to the culture and societies. A family is defined as an int egral and functional unit of the communities and societies, which has a strong impact on the development, wellbeing, and behaviour of the individuals. In case of development of the child, the family has an important role as a child mostly depends on parents. Family protects the children and provide their basic needs as a family is the first teacher to the children. Family makes sure that children must learn the basic when they enter early school. Families give additional support with resources to the children (Guo, 2010). A family is characterised as a vital and practical unit of the groups and social orders, which strongly affects the improvement, prosperity, and conduct of the people. While human science does not offer any prescient hypothesis about the structures the family will take, it highlights the part of social standards in deciding classes of individuals reasonable for framing families with. For sociologists and women's activist sociologists specifically, sexual orientatio n alludes to socially developed practices that are learnt, while sex alludes to the natural individual and their physical attributes. All things considered, sexual orientation separation is a social marvel in view of procured practices, as opposed to the after effect of intrinsic contrasts amongst men and women (Harcourt, 2015). The changes in the family mainly occur for the technological advancement, cultural advancement management. Societal changes and accept an adaptation of cultures. The changes of demography, occupational structure, fertility issues and family planning provide changes in concept and structure of family in recent time. According to Jelic and Kamenov (2015), the concept of family was different and culture was given high priority when raising the children. The concept of joint and extended family living together was very common, especially in Eastern countries. However, with the passage of time, the idea of family has evolved and it has influenced and adapted by families universally. In recent time, managing children within the family, most of the family persons believe in partnership with professionals. It provides benefits both, the family and the children. The family gets the benefits of confidence in giving the child experience and it can increase parenting experience. It gives greater information about different perspectives of children. Children can gain sensitive, consistent and individualised experiences. Families can feel confident about parenting. Moreover, the societies have evolved as a result of industrialisation and modernisation. The changes are evident and it has influenced the children in their early stages to a great extent (May, 2013). The complexities and issues faced by the family often lead to negatively influencing the behaviour and minds of the children in early childhood. In any case, standards of the family structure have changed after some time, with various creators contending that financial matters and human studies never again satisfactorily clarify the assortment of family shapes. As suggested by McKenzie (2006), familial ties between people of a similar sex that might be sensual yet are not grounded in science or multiplication don't fit any clean division of connection into relations of blood and marriage. In the mid-nineteenth century, my grandparents got married in the rural village area. At that time, the rituals and customs were very strict and the literacy rate was low. It was quite obvious in India as India at that time was under British rule. The communities were experiencing a change as a result of enhancing literacy rate. However, only a few people were ready to accept the change in society. Among these was my grandfather who accepted the challenges and learnt different skills and gained experienced in it. As a part of the change, my grandfather decided to move to Kenya for work so that he could earn better and could support his wife and children. My grandfather taught my father and aunt well and made them educated. The change in our social culture made our family distinct and our family is now open-minded. My family is not orthodox like other Sikh people. We welcome the changes and it has been possible for continuous evolution of societal changes. The change in the society resulted in bringing changes in his lifestyle and personality, which also influenced his children. My grandfather got to know new rituals and customs and he accepted that changes and my father got accustomed with the concept of rituals and customs. In our house, multiple generations live peacefully and in the same household. On that time of my grandfather, the husband was bread earner and wife did the household works. My family followed the structure and my grandmother and my mother did the only household works. However, my family saw economi c growth and got accustomed to a new societal culture where women can do employment. My father taught me well as my kindergarten schooling started in Aga Khan Nursery School, Nairobi, Kenya. My father and grandfather worked hard and tried to make the family happy in economically and psychologically. As pointed out by Mece (2015), family resilience perspective states that interaction between school and home can give the opportunity to make strong capacity to come around adversity. The first concept of resilience perspective is that persistent economic and stressful crisis, social and physical challenges impact the successful bringing up the children for the family. School can help the family to become more resourceful as a family-school measure can be a preventive measure for children. My grandfather was head of the family and we were a joint family at that time. Joint family teaches me that children must get equal love, guidance, care and education and the children from a joint family never miss anything. The childhood of child from a joint family is full of experien ces and resources, they can share their childhood with an aunt, uncle, grandparents, siblings and cousins (OBrien Salonen, 2011). In my case, I also had similar opportunity to spend my childhood in a joint family that reshaped my childhood. The event of moving to another country specifically influenced me in young age as I was enrolled in my school and for me, I took time to readjust in a new environment with new people. However, the people of India were very welcoming and their culture and traditions positively influenced my life. Our family is like a traditional joint family who is living with generations and live in the same household and use the same kitchen. Our family generally uses a common purse and it is contributed to all. Cultural aspects, traditions, beliefs can significantly affect the lives of a family and the family members have responsibilities to manage the cultural aspects. In religion and culture, family members teach the children and the decision-making capabilities of a child are made within the family. Family members teach the child to identify the crisis and find resources to solve them. As stated by Patel and Agbenyega (2013), in the growing up period, children assume the right and wrong in their own, however, it is the duty of the family to reflect the family values, culture and tradition. As a Sikh, we visit Gurdwara every day for our morning prayers and start our day like this. Worship is an integral element of my family and we believe family values are the only thing that can help to lead peace and prosperity. The celebration is loud and colourful and the cultural music Dhol and Bhangra' are preferred. Growing up in the same society, I have realised that the culture has evolved and ch anged. It has not faded away and neither is it dying. Our culture promotes values like helping others, respecting others, being honest, treating everyone equally, and being kind to oneself and others. I have lived my life learning the same values from my parents and grandparents who supported all my choices and beliefs. As our family is Sikh and my family believes in monogamy. My family believes in righteousness and discipline in life. As suggested by Pryor (2010), culture can be defined as expressive and dynamic shared values and behaviours and family shapes the perspectives of a child about religion, culture, righteousness and approaches to obstacles. My parents and family always teach me to live in the loving environment and they raise and educate me with higher values and principles. When I was got married, my father told me that marriage is a bond of mutual dependence and true partnership in marriage can unite spirit and of mind. Family life cycle theory describes that there are five stages of life, independence, marriage, parenting, launching adulthood and retirement (Rigg Pryor, 2007). In my family, everyone is bounded by love or blood and my experiences through family aspects affected who I am now. My family and in-laws have played a crucial role in my life as they have helped me in taking relevant decisions in my life. I am convent educated and did my Master in Arts (English). I have always liked teaching so I used to give tuitions to young kids and continued it after my wedding as well. It had a strong impact on my personality and behaviour that encouraged me to learn more about early childhood education. My parents and family did not stop me doing anything and supported me in doing anything. As stated by Rokx (2016), indulgent parenting style is about to support children and allow the children to have power, these parents do not set boundaries. My parents were like indulge parents and they never forced me to do anything. In my cultural values, I have been taught to help and respect others. Moreover, the community in India, where we lived was not open-minded; however, my family was not orthodox due to shifting the culture. As a part of the community, the factors have an impact on our personal, educational, and professional lives. Community people do not like to educate the girl child for higher education; my family taught me in a convent school and allowed me to study for a higher degree. It is important for people to stay connected with the communities so that they can learn about the existing and emerging opportunities and threats and bring changes in their lives accordingly. My family believes in family economy and this concept believes that family as an economic unit. Our joint family culture helps to create the concept of the family economic concept as most of the economic activities take place in the family. However, Indians are getting modern and technological changes impac t on the relation of the people. Now, people can stay in touch in spite of being in distance. Living my life in Kenya, India, and New Zealand, I have realised that technology has influenced everyone everywhere. Technology has been helping me to stay connected with my family. Our life events and experiences are bounded by the legal and environmental aspects. Being a part of the society, it is necessary to understand and follow the legal responsibilities and regulations so that our actions are according to it (Rosenfield, 2015). Nurturing, warm, and responsive parent-child relationships and parental participation in child-centred activities relate to positive learning outcomes in early childhood. It has been observed that my course of life has been going through many changes. During the time of Kenya, multicultural upbringing was predominant. In Kenya, my concept of family was a greater aspect and my childhood education taught me this. In India, being Sikhs we adopted the Western culture but did not forget our roots and culture. Parenting is the family involvement process that includes the attitudes, values, and practices of parents in raising young children. Our culture has taught us to respect others and act kindly and responsibly. In New Zealand, my learning evolves the culture and traditions and along with accepting the western norms and values. Reference List Amatea, E. S., Smith-Adcock, S., Villares, E. (2006). From family deficit to family strength: Viewing families' contributions to children's learning from a family resilience perspective. Professional School Counselling, 9(3), 177-189. Bradley, J., Kibera, P. (2006). Closing the Gap: culture and the promotion of inclusion in child care. Young Children, 6 (1), 3440. Davids, E., Ryan, J., Yassin, Z., Hendrickse, S., Roman, N. (2016). Family structure and functioning: influences on adolescents psychological needs, goals, and aspirations. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 26 (4), 351-356. Drewery, W., Claireborne, L. (2010). Human development: family, place, culture. Sydney: Australia: McGraw Hill Education. Dupuis, S. (2010). Examining the blended family: the application of systems theory toward an understanding of the blended family system. Journal of Couple and Relationship Therapy, 9 (3), 239251. Gunn, A., Child, C., Madden, B., Purdue, K., Surtees, N., Thurlow, B., et al. (2004). Building inclusive communities in early childhood education: diverse perspectives from Aotearoa. New Zealand. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 5 (3), 1-10. Guo, K. (2012). Chinese immigrants in New Zealand early childhood settings: perspectives and experiences. Early Childhood Folio, 16 (1), 5-9. Harcourt, K. (2015). Family Mapping: A Cumulative Measure of Family Structure and Instability. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 56 (33), 199-219. Jelic, M., Kamenov, Z. (2015). Age differences in effects of family structure and quality of attachment to family. Psychological Journal, 24 (1), 155-172. May, P. (2013). The thinking child: Laying the foundations of understanding and competence (5th ed.) Wellington, New Zealand: Bridget William Books McKenzie, M. (2006). Kei te ora, kei to whakatipu te tamaiti kei waeganui I tona ake whanau. Childrens Issues, 10 (2), 38-42. Mece, M. (2015). Impact of family structure changes on child well-being. Balkan Social Science Review, 2 (6), 1-28. Nesbitt, E. (2016).Sikhism: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press. OBrien, M., Salonen, T. (2011). Child poverty and child rights meet active citizenship: A New Zealand and Sweden case study. Childhood, 18(2), 211-226. Patel, S., Agbenyega, J. (2013). How we view Australian early childhood education practice: Indian migrant parents perspectives. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 38 (1), 49-54. Pryor, J. (2010). New Zealand families: diversity and change. Auckland: Pearson. Rigg, A., Pryor, J. (2007). Children's perceptions of families: what do they really think? Children and Society, 21 (2), 17-30. Rokx, R. (2016). He Koha - Ideas Shared in Rokx. Auckland: New Zealand Tertiary College. Rosenfeld, M. (2015). Revisiting the data from the new family structure study: taking family instability into account. Sociological Science, 2 (3), 478-501. Sharma, R. (2013). The family and family structure classification redefined for the current times. Journal of Primary Care, 2 (4), 306-310. Stonehouse, A. (2011). Moving from family participation to partnerships: Not always easy; always worth the effort. Exchange, 194(198), 48-51