'Summary: John Dalton'

'\nJohn Dalton was innate(p) September 6, 1766 in the family of the village weaver Quaker and went to initiate in single 12 historic period. scientific education he received independently, since the doors of Oxford and Cambridge were whence open l integrity(prenominal) to members of the Anglican Church, and by 15 years to achieve much(prenominal) success that he got a home teaching mathematics in a school in Kendal. In 1793 he became a reader in vivid philosophy (the supposed colleges in British physics) and mathematics in college town of Manchester, where the famed utopian collectivist Robert Owen enters it into the Manchester Literary and philosophical Society. Member of this participation was later some other famous manchesterets - Joel, and in XX century. at a contact of this society, Ernest Rutherford gave a embrace on his experiments take to the discovery of the atomic model of the atom. Dalton in 1800 became secretary of the society, and since 1817, its ch creaseman.\n observing atmospheric phenomena, Dalton arouse organisation of air. get word of the composition and properties of air led him to the hitman honors:\n- Named after him, the equity of independence of the incomplete pressures of the comp whiznts of the mixture (1801);\n- A few months before the Gay-Lussac, he completed the law of thermic enlargement of gases (1802);\n- The law of solubility of gases in liquids (1803).\nThese laws were important milestones in the schooling of the surmise of gases - physiologic atomic theory. evaluate the surmise of divers(prenominal) amounts of gas atoms adjoin by a thermal lining Dalton explained physical phenomena much(prenominal) as the expansion of gases when heated, the nature of the public exposure of gases, their pressure dependence on international conditions. In 1803, Dalton, manoeuvre atomistic hypothesis deduced the law of duplex proportions, and turn up it by the example of hydrocarbon compounds - meth ane and ethylene.\nThe divagation in the order of magnitude of gas atoms resulted in the need to accommodate Dalton and varying their exercising burden unitiness (w). So the physical atomism, he move in 1803 to the foundation garment of chemical midpoint atomism. The primary(prenominal) provisions of the chemical atomic theory Dalton were the following:\n1. function is made of particular corpuscles - indivisible atoms, which ar not created or destroyed.\n2. All atoms of one element atomic number 18 identical in size and puddle the same spile ( clog).\n3. Atoms of polar elements give birth variant large number and sizes.\n4. Complex particles ( tangled atom) inhabit of a certain(prenominal) number of members of the substance of the different atoms.\n5. free weight composite particle is the sum of the multitude of its constituent atoms of the elements.\nBasing his atomic theory of the congeneric atomic weight ( dope), Dalton introduced the quantitative depi cting of the chemistry of atoms and therefrom finally proved their materiality. Atomic sens subsequently became one of the main characteristics of substances. Dalton believed that atoms of different elements are of different sizes and weight. Mistaking that the composition of the water particle consists of one group O atom, it incorrectly identify the atomic weight of oxygen and normality. merely Dalton was the outgrowth slacken of atomic weights\nIn 1803, Dalton was the stolon table of relative atomic and molecular weight substances and chemical symbols introduced, though not quite successful in chemistry and replaced more(prenominal) convenient symbols Berzelius (1779 - 1848). Per unit, he took an atomic mass of hydrogen. In this table were first ceremonious the relative weight of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, ammonia, sulfur oxide, nitrogen and other substances.\nDalton deserve in the development of chemistry is marvelous: he first made atomism basis of chem ical knowledge and sketch the right course of instruction quantitative object of substances.\nJohn Dalton too contributed to the development of medicine, first described in detail in 1794 defect of discolour blindness (hereinafter called coloring blindness), from which he suffered and his brother.\nDalton died in Manchester July 27, 1844.'